Dive into research that has been authored and co-authored by the Osa Conservation team.
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Authors: Linda López-Abuchar, Christian Peralta-Madriz, Carolina Soto-Navarro, Gabriela Vinueza-Hidalgo, Andrew Whitworth, Christopher Beirne
Description: Mangrove forests are biodiversity hotspots that provide critical ecosystem services, from coastal protection to carbon storage. Yet, these ecosystems are disappearing at alarming rates, and while restoration efforts are expanding globally, long-term monitoring—especially in the Americas—remains scarce and often narrowly focused on vegetation structure, overlooking biological recovery. In this study, we evaluate whether gastropod community assemblages can serve as functional indicators of ecological recovery across different stages of mangrove restoration in Costa Rica.
Authors: Arata Honda, Chris Beirne, Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya, Flor Perez Mullisaca, Caleb Quispe Quispe, Rosio Vega Quispe, Eleanor Flatt and Andrew Whitworth
Description: Tropical forests harbor much of Earth’s biodiversity, with the ground to emergent canopy forming dynamic three-dimensional habitats. Arboreal and semi-arboreal species navigate the vertically heterogeneous environment, in temperature, light, predation risk, and resource availability, responding to further diel, lunar, and seasonal changes. While diel vertical migrations are well studied in aquatic systems, similar patterns in arboreal mammals and birds remain unclear. The roles of unique species vertical shifts in time in structuring tropical forest assemblages, the interaction of vertical stratification and temporal niche partitioning, is poorly understood.
Vulture Exclusion Halves Large Carcass Decomposition Rates and Doubles Fly Abundance
Authors: Julia Grootaers, Greta Hernández Campos, Violeta Marie Montenegro, Rosio Vega Quispe, Sarah Wicks, Sara Campos Landázuri, Eduardo Fabrizio Tubelli, Francisco Vega-Reyes, Enzo Basso, Andrew Whitworth, Andrew Young, Christopher Beirne
Description: Carcass consumption by scavengers plays a critical role in wildlife and human health by providing services that maintain ecosystem functioning and potentially mitigate disease spreading. Vultures are particularly efficient scavengers, but their populations have sharply declined in Europe, Asia and Africa, raising concerns about similar declines in the comparatively less studied species of the Americas. While the effects of vulture absence on other vertebrate scavengers have been examined, the impact on invertebrate scavengers and their role in carrion decomposition remains unexplored. To determine the effects of vulture decline, specifically neotropical cathartid vultures, we experimentally excluded this functional group from domestic pig carcasses (Sus scrofa) in Costa Rica, under different habitat conditions (grassland and forest) and across seasons with the aim to assess the impact of vulture exclusion on carrion decomposition and insect abundance.
New ecological aspects of the pacarana (Dinomys branickii) in southeastern Peru
Authors: Sam Pottie, Arianna Basto, Andrew Whitworth, Christopher Beirne, Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya and Adrian Forsyth
Description: This study provides new insights into the behavioral ecology of Dinomys branickii based on long-term camera trap surveys conducted at three sites along an altitudinal gradient in southeastern Peru. Notably, we document the first known cases of geophagy in this species, which suggests a highly herbivorous diet. Moreover, in contrast to previous reports that described D. branickii as a group-living species, our data indicate that it is primarily solitary, with group formations likely limited to reproductive activities.
Detecting illegal campfires by drone-mounted thermal sensors in protected tropical rainforests
Authors: Paulina Rodriguez, Carolina Pinto, Eleanor Flatt, Johan Ortiz, Marco Hidalgo, Christopher Beirne, Yvonne J. M. Kemp, and Andrew Whitworth
Description: Thermal drones are increasingly used for conservation tasks such as biodiversity monitoring and wildfire management, but their utility in combating illegal activities in tropical rainforests remains underexplored. This study assesses the potential of thermal drones to detect campfires associated with illegal poaching and gold mining in Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula. We simulated illegal campfires placed under the forest canopy, and conducted 29 experimental thermal drone flights across five survey rounds along a 1-km riverbank. Hypothesized factors influencing detection success, including fire stage, time of day, and canopy cover, were analysed.
Authors: Carolina M. Pinto, Benjamin Thomas Camper, Eleanor Flatt, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Active restoration of degraded forest ecosystems is a relatively new management technique that is increasingly applied worldwide to assist in the conservation of biodiversity, especially in the tropics. However, knowledge about its efficacy remains limited. The aim of this study was to assess early-stage success of actively restoring tropical forest using dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) as bioindicators. To test the effectiveness of active restoration in the tropics, we designed and implemented a 20 ha experiment in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica.
Hope for a living fossil: Progress in the conservation of Pleodendron costaricense
Authors: María José Mata Quirós, Leonardo Álvarez Alcázar
Description: Rare, or uncommon, species comprise the majority of the diversity in tropical forests (Tovo et al., 2017) and play a vital role in forest function and resilience (Zhang et al., 2022). Pleodendron costarricense N. Zamora, Hammel & Aguilar is one of the rare species found in the South Pacific forests of Costa Rica. Due to its rarity, it is one of the 32 tree species in Costa Rica classified as critically endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (BGCI, 2025), due to its small and restricted population and threats such as land-use change and illegal logging (Rivers, 2019).
Authors: Eleanor Flatt, Hilary Brumberg, Marco Hidalgo, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Camera traps are widely used to study wildlife. However, theft and vandalism are frequent, resulting in millions of dollars in financial losses and large data gaps in research. Here we report on the impacts of camera-trap theft on a study examining wildlife movement under highway bridges in south-west Costa Rica. Even with metal cases, locks and signs installed on all camera traps, 65% were stolen. The working camera traps accumulated a total of 167 trap-nights and detected only two wild mammal species, eight bird species and one reptile species, as well as three domestic animal species and people.
Determination of hematologic reference intervals for free-living King vultures (Sarcoramphus papa)
Authors: Enzo Basso, Diego Rolim Chulla, Eduardo Tubelli, Sarah Wicks, Eleanor Flatt, Christopher Beirne, Andrew Whitworth
Description: As obligate scavengers, New World vultures (Cathartiformes: Cathartidae) play a key role in carcass removal and disease control. Associated with this ecosystem service, vultures are exposed to the consumption of harmful substances such as poisons, heavy metals, antibiotics, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Monitoring the health status of vulture populations is a priority and an important conservation strategy, and hematologic analysis is a practical and effective method that can be useful for this purpose.
Authors: Leonardo Álvarez-Alcázar Billen Gamboa Romero, Mario A. Blanco
Description: Burmannia tenella is a holo-mycoheterotrophic species widely distributed in the Amazon Biome. The objectives of this study are to report the presence of this species in Costa Rica, to present an overview of its geographic distribution, and to provide a key to the species of Burmannia in Mesoamerica.
Use of natural and artificial cavities by Neotropical mammals in a tropical wet forest of Costa Rica
Authors: Gabriela S. Vinueza-Hidalgo, Juan Sebastián Vargas Soto, Eleanor Flatt, Carolina Pinto, Sarah Wicks, María José Mata Quirós, Johan Ortiz-García & Andrew Whitworth
Description: Tree cavities are an important ecological component of forests, used by animals for roosting, foraging, hunting, nesting, hiding, and hibernating. However, there has been a taxonomic bias toward investigating cavity use by birds, and a geographical bias toward temperate regions. We used camera traps to understand mammal cavity use in a tropical rainforest. We did so in relation to two contexts: (1) artificial cavity use in early-stage restored rainforest, and (2) natural cavity use of old-growth rainforest. We detected a rich community of 20 mammal species and a single large ground bird around natural and artificial cavities -with 17 and 16 species detected at each cavity type respectively.
Authors: Sarah Wicks, Christopher Beirne, Cristina Azzopardi Schellmann, Eleanor Flatt, Sandy Quirós Beita, Rigoberto Pereira Rocha, Andrew Whitworth
Description: The sparsity of post-translocation monitoring data for rehabilitated felids leaves a pressing gap in our current understanding of their integration into and use of novel landscapes. Remote monitoring tools such as GPS collars can provide crucial insights into animal movement behavior and habitat selection following translocation and assist in the decision-making process for rehabilitation and release sites. In January 2023, a young male ocelot was released on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, after eight months of rehabilitation following a vehicle strike.
Mapping climate adaptation corridors for biodiversity—A regional-scale case study in Central America
Authors: Ian M. McCullough, Christopher Beirne, Carolina Soto-Navarro, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Climate adaptation corridors are widely recognized as important for promoting biodiversity resilience under climate change. Central America is part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, but there have been no regional-scale analyses of potential climate adaptation corridors in Central America. We identified 2375 potential corridors throughout Central America that link lowland protected areas (≤ 500 m) with intact, high-elevation forests (≥ 1500 m) that represent potential climate change refugia.
Authors: Ian M. McCullough, Christopher Beirne, Carolina Soto-Navarro, Amy Eppert, Eleanor Flatt, Yvonne J.M. Kemp, Péter K. Molnár, Michael S. Mooring, Yana Nikolova, Erik R. Olson, Carolina Pinto, Junior Porras, María José Mata Quirós, Guido Saborío Rodriguez, Jan Schipper, Chelsey R. Tellez, Juan S. Vargas Soto, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Corridors are essential tools for promoting biodiversity resilience under climate change. However, corridor design studies are often conducted at spatial scales too coarse to guide implementation by local conservation practitioners. We mapped potential climate-resilient corridors linking lowland to highland protected areas within a highly biodiverse but fragmented landscape of southwestern Costa Rica (6311 km2) using least cost path and circuit theory approaches at high spatial resolution (10 m). We then applied an extensive camera trap dataset of medium-large vertebrates to examine corridor functionality.
Authors: Carolina Melisa Pinto, Juan Sebastián Vargas Soto, Eleanor Flatt, Kenneth Barboza, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Roads are one of the most widespread structures that drive habitat loss and fragmentation. But they also restrict animal movement and drive landscape-level impacts on biodiversity. The South Pacific of Costa Rica is known for its high levels of biodiversity, but little has been done to reduce road impacts upon wildlife communities. To understand these impacts and advise on possible mitigation action, we used three key data approaches: 1. Camera traps, to survey wildlife activity along two major road sections that dissect the region’s protected areas and biological corridors. Seventy-eight camera traps were deployed in secondary forest patches at different distances (between 200 m and 1 km) from the roads for six months and covariates were collected to explain the patterns found. 2. Citizen science data extracted from iNaturalist to identify roadkill “hotspots” along the roads. And 3. Circuitscape analysis, to assess how landscape structure could influence animal movement.
Authors: Juan S. Vargas Soto, Katelyn M. Gostic, Natalka A. Melnycky, Julianna G. Johnson, Andrew P. Dobson, Kevin D. Lafferty, Claire J. Standley, Péter K. Molnar
Description: Spatial overlap between wildlife and related domestic animals can lead to disease transmission, with substantial evidence for viral and bacterial spillover. Domestic and wild animals can also share potentially harmful helminth parasites, many of which have environmental transmission stages that do not require direct contact between hosts. We used camera traps, fecal sampling, and mathematical modeling to evaluate the potential for hookworm parasites to spillover from domestic dogs to wild cats in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Traditional microscopy was found to be more sensitive than DNA-based diagnostics for parasites, though the methods were complementary.
Authors: Marina Garrido‑Priego, Michelle Monge‑Velázquez, Andrew Whitworth, Ivan Gomez‑Mestre
Description: Understanding animal movements is vital for gaining insights into species’ ecological pat‑ terns, habitat preferences, and reproductive strategies. Studies in dendrobatid frogs have revealed that home range behaviours, particularly in species with male parental care, are closely linked to the distribution of reproductive resources. Here we focus on males of the poison frog Phyllobates vittatus, endemic to the southern Pacific of Costa Rica to deter‑ mine males’ home range size and the degree of overlap between individuals of P. vittatus.
Egg-clutch Biomechanics Affect Escape-Hatching Behavior and Performance
Authors: B A Güell, J G McDaniel, K M Warkentin
Description: Arboreal embryos of phyllomedusine treefrogs hatch prematurely to escape snake predation, cued by vibrations in their egg clutches during attacks. However, escape success varies between species, from ∼77% in Agalychnis callidryas to just ∼9% in A. spurrelli at 1 day premature. Both species begin responding to snake attacks at similar developmental stages, when vestibular mechanosensory function begins, suggesting that sensory ability does not limit the hatching response in A. spurrelli.
Future Sea-Level Rise Impacts to Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Nesting Habitat on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: Isaac Beber, Bárbara Sellés-Ríos, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Global sea turtle populations are in decline and so a global network of sea turtle nesting conservation programs have been established worldwide with the goal to protect vulnerable nesting mothers, and their clutches of eggs. Yet researchers have recently estimated that sea turtle nesting habitat is likely to suffer as a result of climate change and associated sea level rise. This study examines nest monitoring data from Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula with the aim to identify clutches located in suitable nesting habitat most susceptible to sea level rise and subsequent inundation.
Increasing forest cover and connectivity both inside and outside protected areas in southwestern Costa Rica
Authors: Hilary Brumberg, Samuel Furey, Marie G. Bouffard, Maria José Mata Quiros, Hikari Murayama, Soroush Neyestani, Emily Pauline, Andrew Whitworth, Marguerite Madden
Description: This study explores the relationship between forest management initiatives—specifically [Protected Areas] PAs, the 1996 Forest Law, and [Payment for Ecosystem Services] PES—and forest cover and landscape metrics in the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA).
Osa Biological Station: Protecting Central America’s Greatest Pacific Lowland Rainforest
Authors: Andrew Whitworth, Arianna Basto, Gabriela Vinueza-Hidalgo, Carolina Pinto, Lucy Kleiner, Carolina Soto-Navarro
Description: Osa Biological Station has acted as a scientific hub for numerous research groups and students from around the world. Most recently Osa Biological Station has operated as a technological hub with an on-site field and programs team who deploy and test cutting-edge applications of technology and approaches to wildlife monitoring.
Leaf-litter frog abundance increase during succession of regenerating pastures.
Authors: Michelle E. Thompson, Maureen Donnelly
Description: The extensive clearing and modification of forests by anthropogenic activities is a major driver of biodiversity loss. This study compares the abundance of a direct-developing terrestrial frog, Craugastor stejnegerianus, in riparian and upland habitats of pasture compared to mature forest sites. This research shows that conversion of forest habitat to pasture represents a conservation threat to this species.
Cave-dwelling fauna of Costa Rica: current state of knowledge and future research perspectives
Authors: Stanimira Deleva, Andres Ulloa, Hernani F. M. Oliveira, Nikolay Simov, Ferdinando Didonna, Glrianna Chaverri
Description: This study focused on the cave fauna of Costa Rica, which has remained relatively understudied despite the abundant presence of recorded natural caves and subterranean sites. This research collected and reviewed all available literature data on cave fauna in Costa Rica and created the first comprehensive review of existing information.
Phenology and environmental determinants of explosive breeding in gliding treefrogs: diel timing of rainfall matters
Authors: Brandon A. Güell, Karen M. Warkentin
Description: The study reveals that rainfall, day-of-year, days since breeding, and lunar phase significantly impact A. spurelli reproductive activity, shedding light on the dynamics of explosive breeding in this species and highlighting the benefits of automated data analysis in ecological research.
Greater Grison (Galictis vittata) predation events upon Paca (Cuniculus paca) suggest a cavity targeted hunting strategy by Greater Grison
Authors: Andrew Whitworth
Description: This study reports two rare predation events by the Greater Grison (Galictis vittata) on the Paca (Cuniculus paca), the largest known prey for the Grison. The observations, collected through cell phones and social media, indicate a unique hunting strategy by the Grison, targeting the burrows of nocturnal cavity-dwelling rodents.
Automated acoustic detection of Geoffroy’s spider monkey highlights tipping points of human disturbance
Authors: Jenna Lawson, George Rizos, Dui Jasinghe, Andrew Whitworth, Björn Schuller, and Cristina Banks-Leite
Description: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) and a newly developed automated detector in detecting the endangered Geoffroy’s spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) across a large region. The findings highlight the importance of forest cover and proximity to roads in the monkey’s presence, providing valuable tools for conservation strategies.
More than one way to count a cat: estimation of ocelot population density using frameworks for marked and unmarked species
Authors: Juan S. Vargas Soto, Eleanor J. Flatt, Andrew Whitworth, Roberto Salom‐Pérez, Deiver Espinoza‐Muñoz, Péter K. Molnár
Description: “Here, we estimate the population density of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the Osa peninsula, Costa Rica, comparing methods for marked and unmarked species.”
Remote sensing and citizen science to characterize the ecological niche of an endemic and endangered Costa Rican poison frog
Authors: , and Ivan Gomez-Mestre
Description: Through remote sensing and ecological niche modeling, this study examines the habitat requirements of the endemic Phyllobates vittatus frog in Costa Rica, highlighting the importance of factors such as elevation, forest cover, and proximity to water bodies. The findings inform conservation efforts by identifying potential areas for reintroductions and recommending an adjusted status of “Endangered” for P. vittatus.
Riparian buffer length is more influential than width on river water quality: A case study in southern Costa Rica
Authors: Hilary Brumberg, Chris Beirne, Eben North Broadbent, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Sandra Lucia Almeyda Zambrano, Carlos Alberto Quispe Gil, Beatriz Lopez Gutierrez, Rachael Eplee, Andrew Whitworth
Description: “Riparian agriculture and forest affect water quality at least 1 km downstream … Long, narrow buffers could efficiently conserve water quality in agricultural landscapes.”
Nearshore marine biodiversity of Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica: Where the ocean meets the rainforest
Authors: Alan M. Friedlander, Enric Ballesteros, Odalisca Breedy, Beatriz Naranjo-Elizondo, Noelia Hernández, Pelayo Salinas-de-León, Enric Sala, Jorge Cortés
Description: “The creation of a large MPA in the Osa region … would benefit the rich biodiversity of this part of the country as well as replenishing nearby overexploited important fisheries resources”
Climate-resilient conservation strategies for an endemic forest bird, the Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager
Authors: Patrick B. Newcombe, Adrian Forsyth, Hilary Brumberg, and Andrew Whitworth.
Description: “As biodiversity declines and climate change causes shifts in species distribution, the knowledge of species’ ecological needs is vital to conserve biodiversity. On Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula and its adjacent forests, a rich mosaic of ecosystems hosting numerous threatened and endemic species, conservationists lack clarity on the basic habitat requirements of the endemic Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager (Habia atrimaxillaris).”
Unexpected diversity in regenerating sites stresses the importance of baselines: A case study with bats (Order Chiroptera) on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: Elène Haave-Audet, Doris Audet, Michelle Monge-Velazquez, Eleanor Flatt, Andrew Whitworth
Description: “Using an indicator of biodiversity in the neotropics— bats— we demonstrate how assessing community diversity and composition in an area targeted for restoration prior to implementation, and when compared to surrounding intact forest, provides the groundwork to track changes in the community post-restoration.”
Human disturbance and shifts in vertebrate community composition in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Juan S. Vargas Soto, Christopher Beirne, Andrew Whitworth, Juan Carlos Cruz Diaz, Eleanor Flatt, Ruthmery Pillco-Huarcaya, Erik R. Olson, Alejandro Azofeifa, Guido Saborío-R, Roberto Salom-Pérez, Deiver Espinoza-Muñoz, Leslie Hay, Lawrence Whittaker, Carmen Roldán, Ricardo Bedoya-Arrieta, Eben North Broadbent, Péter K. Molnár
Description: “Human activities reduce the presence of large herbivores and predators, affecting ecosystem function, even in well-conserved forests.”
The potential and practice of arboreal camera trapping
Authors: Jennifer F. Moore, Kylie Soanes, Diego Balbuena, Christopher Beirne, Mark Bowler, Farah Carrasco-Rueda, Susan M. Cheyne, Opale Coutant, Pierre-Michel Forget, Jessica K. Haysom, Peter R. Houlihan, Erik R. Olson, Stacy Lindshield, Jonathan Martin, Mathias Tobler, Andrew Whitworth, Tremaine Gregory
Description: Arboreal camera trapping is a burgeoning method providing a novel and effective technique to answer research questions across a variety of ecosystems, and it has the capacity to improve our understanding of a wide range of taxa.
The first ex-situ germination and dispersal mechanisms of the rare, critically endangered tree, Pleodendron costaricense
Authors: Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya, Marvin López Morales, Leonardo Álvarez-Alcázar, Andrew Whitworth
Description: Given the propagation knowledge we have developed, the active restoration efforts of the saplings by Osa Conservation to help increase population numbers, and the strict protection of the two fruiting mother trees, there is now the possibility to attain a positive conservation outcome for this critically endangered species, Pleodendron costaricense.
Warm beach, warmer turtles: Using drone-mounted thermal infrared sensors to monitor sea turtle nesting activity
Authors: Bárbara Sellés-Ríos, Eleanor Flatt, Johan Ortiz-García, Júlia García-Colomé, Orane Latour, and Andrew Whitworth
Description: Here we describe the first empirical testing of a drone-mounted thermal infrared sensor for nocturnal sea turtle monitoring; on the Osa peninsula in Costa Rica.
Acoustic assessment of experimental reforestation in a Costa Rican rainforest
Authors: Álvaro Vega-Hidalgo, Eleanor Flatt, Andrew Whitworth, Laurel Symes
Description: Passive acoustic monitoring serves as a useful tool for ecological assessment.
Recovery of dung beetle biodiversity and traits in a regenerating rainforest: A case study from Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula
Authors: Andrew Whitworth, Chris Beirne, Eleanor Flatt, Graden Froese, Chase Nuñez, Adrian Forsyth
Description: We conducted a comprehensive dung beetle survey (coprophagous and necrophagous communities) within five habitat types, across a land-use gradient, in the ecologically biodiverse Osa Peninsula, located in Costa Rica’s south Pacific.
Habitat selection and diet of the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, and range-wide monitoring recommendations
Authors: Chris Smith, Andy Whitworth, Elizabeth Brunner & Mateo Pomilia
Description: Using surveys for tracks and latrines from ten rivers on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica, we report results on habitat selection at the local and micro-habitat scales, describe the general diet from 127 scats, and broadly discuss detection and general survey methods.
Spider Monkeys rule the roost: Ateline sleeping sites influence rainforest heterogeneity
Authors: Andrew Whitworth, Lawrence Whittaker, Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya, Eleanor Flatt, Marvin Lopez Morales, Danielle Connor, Marina Garrido Priego, Adrian Forsyth, Chris Beirne
Description: We investigate this using camera traps placed in both the canopy and on the rainforest floor to determine which rainforest wildlife are attracted to the latrines beneath the sleeping sites of spider monkeys …
Secondary forest is utilized by Great Curassows (Crax rubra) and Great Tinamous (Tinamus major) in the absence of hunting
Authors: Andrew Whitworth, Christopher Beirne, Eleanor Flatt, Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya, Juan Carlos Cruz Diaz, Adrian Forsyth, Péter K. Molnár, Juan S. Vargas Soto
Description: We investigated habitat use of Great Curassows and Great Tinamous in the Matapalo corridor of the Osa Peninsula, southwest Costa Rica, where they are not hunted, to understand whether disturbed habitats can be suitable for these species.
Arboreal wildlife bridges in the tropical rainforest of Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula
Authors: Eleanor Flatt, Arianna Basto, Carolina Pinto, Johan Ortiz, Kassandra Navarro, Neil Reed, Hilary Brumberg, Marco Hidalgo Chaverri, and Andrew Whitworth
Description: “Arboreal wildlife bridges increase connectivity of fragmented forests by allowing wildlife to safely traverse roads … “
For more information on the Osa Peninsula, download our Osa Bibliography.
This bibliography includes important conservation research publications, including those done by Osa Conservation as well as our research partners seeking to better understand the biodiversity of the region and strategies for protecting our vital ecosystems.
